{"id":25,"date":"2018-10-02T15:27:42","date_gmt":"2018-10-02T15:27:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/?p=25"},"modified":"2025-06-16T22:10:28","modified_gmt":"2025-06-16T16:40:28","slug":"2018-nobel-physiology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/2018\/10\/02\/2018-nobel-physiology\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0968\u0966\u0967\u096e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/2018\/summary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0968\u0966\u0967\u096e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201028123553\/https:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/prizes\/medicine\/2018\/summary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0930<\/a> \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902; \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 <a href=\"https:\/\/kuias.kyoto-u.ac.jp\/e\/profile\/honjo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b. \u0924\u093e\u0938\u0941\u0915\u094b \u0939\u094b\u0902\u091c\u094b<\/a> \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u092e. \u0921\u0940. \u090f\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0938, \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 <a href=\"https:\/\/faculty.mdanderson.org\/profiles\/james_allison.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b. \u091c\u0947\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0932\u0940<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20201028123553\/https:\/\/faculty.mdanderson.org\/profiles\/james_allison.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u0938\u0928<\/a> \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u00a0\u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 | \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0926\u094b \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0905\u0923\u0941 (\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u093e\u0921\u0940) \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e (immunotheraphy) \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 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\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902| &nbsp;\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b. \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0938\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b. \u0939\u094b\u0902\u091c\u094b \u0928\u0947 \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0905\u0923\u0941 (\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u093e\u0921\u0940) \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0940-\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930\/\u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0930-\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902 |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0940.\u0921\u0940. \u0967 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0943\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0967 (Programmed Cell Death Protein 1) \u092a\u0940.\u0921\u0940. \u0967 (P.D 1) \u00a0\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0940. \u0921\u0940. \u0968\u096d\u096f (\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928) \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0968 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0968\u096e\u096e \u090f\u092e\u093f\u0928\u094b \u090f\u0938\u093f\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u091f\u0940- \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0940. \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u00a0\u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0924\u0939-\u091d\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 | \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0967\u096f\u096f\u0968 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b. \u0939\u094b\u0902\u091c\u094b \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0940.\u0921\u0940. \u0967 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u091f\u0940-\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0928 \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e | \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0917\u0930 \u092a\u0940.\u0921\u0940. \u0967 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0932\u0917\u093e \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u092c \u091f\u0940-\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u00a0\u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 | \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u094b\u0902\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0940.\u0921\u0940. \u0967 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0905\u0923\u0941 (\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u093e\u0921\u0940) \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u092e\u0930\u0940\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e | \u0907\u0938 \u0928\u092f\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093e \u0938\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092b\u0947\u092b\u0921\u093c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930, \u0917\u0941\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0908 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930, \u0932\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092b\u094b\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0928\u094b\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0930\u0940\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0926\u0942 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 (\u092e\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0938} \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u0947 |\u00a0\u0968\u0966\u0967\u096a \u092e\u0947\u0902 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u090f\u092b.\u0921\u0940.<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190609133336\/https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u090f.<\/a> \u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0940.\u0921\u0940. \u0967 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u00a0\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0905\u0923\u0941 \u092a\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u093f\u091c\u093c\u092e\u0947\u092c (\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e: \u0915\u0940\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0941\u0921\u093e)\u00a0\u0915\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0928\u094b\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0930\u0940\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940|\u00a0\u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0925\u093e \u091c\u092c \u090f\u092b.\u0921\u0940.\u090f. \u0928\u0947 \u090a\u0924\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092f\u093e \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u091c\u093e\u092f \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e\u0930 \u0906\u0928\u0941\u0935\u0902\u0936\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0935\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0902\u091c\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190609133336\/http:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/pd1-1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190609133336im_\/http:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/pd1-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-100\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u0940.\u0921\u0940. \u0967 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092c\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u093f\u091c\u093c\u092e\u0947\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0905\u0923\u0941 (\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u093e\u0921\u0940) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0940.\u091f\u0940.\u090f\u0932.\u090f.-\u096a &nbsp;\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0937\u0940 \u091f\u0940-\u0932\u093f\u092e\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f-\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928-\u096a (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 \u0938\u0940.\u091f\u0940.\u090f\u0932.\u090f.-\u096a CTLA-4 ) \u00a0\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0940. \u0921\u0940. \u0967\u096b\u0968 (\u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928) \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930-\u0968 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u091c\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0967\u0969\u0966 \u090f\u092e\u093f\u0928\u094b \u090f\u0938\u093f\u0921 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u093e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0902 | \u00a0\u0938\u0940.\u091f\u0940.\u090f\u0932.\u090f.-\u096a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0967\u096f\u096e\u096d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b. \u092a\u093f\u092f\u0930\u0947 \u0917\u0949\u0932\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b.\u091f\u0915 \u0935\u0939 \u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0935\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b. \u090f\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092a \u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0936\u094b\u0927 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0940.\u091f\u0940.\u090f\u0932.\u090f.-\u096a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940\u0928 \u091f\u0940-\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 | \u00a0\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b. \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0940.\u091f\u0940.\u090f\u0932.\u090f.-\u096a \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0905\u0923\u0941 (\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u093e\u0921\u0940) \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0940.\u091f\u0940.\u090f\u0932.\u090f.-\u096a \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0940-\u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927 \u0935\u093f\u0918\u091f\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0928\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 | \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b. \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e (\u091a\u0947\u0915\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0924\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 (\u092e\u0947\u091f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0938} \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c\u093c \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092b\u093c\u0932\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940 |\u00a0\u0968\u0966\u0967\u0967 \u092e\u0947\u0902 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u090f\u092b.\u0921\u0940.\u090f<\/a>. \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0940.\u091f\u0940.\u090f\u0932.\u090f.-\u096a \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0930\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u00a0\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0905\u0923\u0941 \u0907\u092a\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092e\u0941\u092e\u0947\u092c\u00a0(\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0928\u093e\u092e: \u092f\u0947\u0930\u0935\u094b\u092f) \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0947\u0932\u0947\u0928\u094b\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0930\u0940\u091c\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 |<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190609133336\/http:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ctla4-1.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20190609133336im_\/http:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/ctla4-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-101\"\/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0938\u0940.\u091f\u0940.\u090f\u0932.\u090f.-\u096a&nbsp;\u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0939\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0906\u092f\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0906\u0923\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0907\u092a\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092e\u0941\u092e\u0947\u092c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0905\u0923\u0941 (\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u093e\u0921\u0940) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u092b.\u0921\u0940.\u090f.\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u094c \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0940.\u0921\u0940. -1 \u0905\u0935\u0930\u094b\u0927\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0905\u0923\u0941 (\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u093e\u0921\u0940) \u0915\u094b \u092e\u0902\u091c\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u0947 \u0926\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0928\u090f \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0947\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947 \u0938\u0940.\u091f\u0940.\u090f\u0932.\u090f.-\u096a \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0940.\u0921\u0940. \u0967 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e-\u0905\u0923\u0941 (\u090f\u0902\u091f\u0940\u092c\u093e\u0921\u0940) \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0924\u094b \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 |&nbsp; \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0928\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e (\u091a\u0947\u0915\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e) \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b. \u0939\u094b\u0902\u091c\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b. \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0938\u0928 \u0928\u0947 \u0930\u0916\u0940| \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0906\u0936\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0947 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u092a\u0926\u094d\u0935\u0924\u093f \u092d\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0917\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940 |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ishida, Y., Agata, Y., Shibahara, K., &amp; Honjo, T. (1992). Induced expression of PD-1, a novel member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, upon programmed cell death. <strong>EMBO J<\/strong><em>.<\/em>, <em>11<\/em>, 3887\u20133895.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Leach, D. R., Krummel, M. F., &amp; Allison, J. P. (1996). Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade. <strong>Science<\/strong>, <em>271<\/em>, 1734\u20131736.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Kwon, E. D., Hurwitz, A. A., Foster, B. A., Madias, C., Feldhaus, A. L., Greenberg, N. M., Burg, M.B. &amp; Allison, J.P. (1997). Manipulation of T cell costimulatory and inhibitory signals for immunotherapy of prostate cancer. <strong>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA<\/strong>, <em>94<\/em>, 8099\u20138103.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nishimura, H., Nose, M., Hiai, H., Minato, N., &amp; Honjo, T. (1999). Development of Lupus-like Autoimmune Diseases by Disruption of the PD-1 gene encoding an ITIM motif-carrying immunoreceptor. <strong>Immunity<\/strong>,<em> 11<\/em>, 141\u2013151.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Freeman, G.J., Long, A.J., Iwai, Y., Bourque, K., Chernova, T., Nishimura, H., Fitz, L.J., Malenkovich, N., Okazaki, T., Byrne, M.C., Horton, H.F., Fouser, L., Carter, L., Ling, V., Bowman, M.R., Carreno, B.M., Collins, M., Wood, C.R. &amp; Honjo, T. (2000). Engagement of the PD-1 immunoinhibitory receptor by a novel B7 family member leads to negative regulation of lymphocyte activation. <strong>J. Exp. Med.<\/strong>, <em>192<\/em>, 1027\u2013 1034.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hodi, F.S., Mihm, M.C., Soiffer, R.J., Haluska, F.G., Butler, M., Seiden, M.V., Davis, T., Henry-Spires, R., MacRae, S., Willman, A., Padera, R., Jaklitsch, M.T., Shankar, S., Chen, T.C., Korman, A., Allison, J.P. &amp; Dranoff, G. (2003). Biologic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 antibody blockade in previously vaccinated metastatic melanoma and ovarian carcinoma patients. <strong>Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA<\/strong>, <em>100<\/em>, 4712-4717.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Iwai, Y., Terawaki, S., &amp; Honjo, T. (2005). PD-1 blockade inhibits hematogenous spread of poorly immunogenic tumor cells by enhanced recruitment of effector T cells. <strong>Int. Immunol.<\/strong>, <em>17<\/em>, 133\u2013144.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Brunet JF, Denizot F, Luciani MF, Roux-Dosseto M, Suzan M, Mattei MG, Golstein P (1987). A new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily\u2013CTLA-4.&nbsp;<strong>Nature<\/strong>.&nbsp;<em>328<\/em>, 267\u2013270.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Waterhouse P, Penninger JM, Timms E, Wakeham A, Shahinian A, Lee KP, Thompson CB, Griesser H, Mak TW (1995). Lymphoproliferative disorders with early lethality in mice deficient in Ctla-4.&nbsp;<strong>Science<\/strong>.&nbsp;<em>270<\/em>, 985\u2013988.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ivol EA, Borriello F, Schweitzer AN, Lynch WP, Bluestone JA, Sharpe AH (1995).&nbsp;Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4.&nbsp;<strong>Immunity<\/strong>.&nbsp;<em>3<\/em>, 541\u2013547.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0968\u0966\u0967\u096e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0902; \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u091f\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f, \u091c\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b. \u0924\u093e\u0938\u0941\u0915\u094b \u0939\u094b\u0902\u091c\u094b \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u092e. \u0921\u0940. \u090f\u0902\u0921\u0930\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928, \u091f\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0949\u0938, \u0938\u0902\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0905\u092e\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b. \u091c\u0947\u092e\u094d\u0938 \u090f\u0932\u0940\u0938\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u0902\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0932\u093e\u091c\u093c \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u00a0\u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 | \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/2018\/10\/02\/2018-nobel-physiology\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u0968\u0966\u0967\u096e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0930\u0940\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u094b\u092c\u0947\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pagelayer_contact_templates":[],"_pagelayer_content":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[33,34,35,36,37],"class_list":["post-25","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-science","tag-cancer","tag-checkpoint-therapy","tag-medicine","tag-nobel-prize","tag-physiology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":55,"href":"https:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25\/revisions\/55"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/neelsb.com\/myblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}